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[07:36.15]new credit granted immediately increases advances and deposits by the full amount.
[07:39.25]发放的新贷款立即全数转入放款和存款中.
[07:42.34]In the case of overdrafts,
[07:43.69]至于透支方式的放款,
[07:45.03]advances and deposits are increased only as the overdraft is used.
[07:47.72]只有在使用透支的情况下放款和存款才会增加.
[07:50.41]If figures for unexercised overdrafts were available and were added to deposits
[07:53.22]如果未动用透支的数额有效并被转入存款,
[07:56.03]this difference,too,would disappear.
[07:57.57]这种差别也就不存在了.
[07:59.11]A bank is usually happy to take on new customers,
[08:01.02]银行通常乐于接纳新客户,
[08:02.93]Notes:A bank is usually happy to take on new customers,
[08:08.41]Notes:take on
[08:14.92]We've decided to take on a new clerk in the accounts department.
[08:17.11]我们决定为会计部聘请一名新的办事员.
[08:19.30]but it naturally scrutinizes more closely outside applicants,
[08:22.00]但是对于非往来客户申请者,对他们的信贷资信情况
[08:24.69]of whose credit standing it has no direct knowledge
[08:26.59]不直接了解,自然要仔细地审核；
[08:28.50]and always makes it a condition of the advance
[08:30.09]并且把这作为一种情况
[08:31.69]that the applicant transfer his ordinary banking business to itself.
[08:34.19]总以申请者将其普通银行业务过户到本行为放款条件.
[08:36.70]Nor are all advances formally approved and backed by written security.
[08:39.25]不是每笔放款都需要正式批准和书面担保.
[08:41.80]The Australian trading banks are much less strict than American banks
[08:44.20]澳大利亚商业银行比美国银行要宽松得多;
[08:46.60]about debit balances incur red by customers overdrawing their accounts by small amounts
[08:49.80]帐户出现小额的
[08:53.00]and for short periods without formal approval.
[08:55.05]和短期的透支金额,客户未经批准.
[08:57.10]Business firms in good standing with their bank
[08:58.64]与银行保持良好信誉的商务公司
[09:00.19]can usually also count on getting a small overdraft for a short period,
[09:02.64]指望得到短期的小额透支
[09:05.10]of perhaps a few weeks,without formal security.
[09:07.29]或许只有几个星期,通常也可以在无正式担保时.
[09:09.49]Notes:
[09:11.18]Business firms in good standing with their bank
[09:15.68]can usually also count on getting a small overdraft for a short period,
[09:20.56]of perhaps a few weeks,without formal security.
[09:24.77]Notes:count on
[09:32.06]You cannot count on the weather being fine.
[09:33.90]你不能指望天气会好起来.
[09:35.74]The overdrafts of very large companies are commonly unsecured.
[09:37.93]相当大的公司透支通常无需担保.
[09:40.13]But insistence on written security
[09:41.62]但是强调局面担保
[09:43.11]is probably more general in Australia than in England
[09:45.20]在澳大利亚,或许比在英国更为普遍.
[09:47.28]where business and particularly personal advances
[09:49.14]在英国,企业、特别是个人贷款
[09:50.99]are still frequently granted on the good name
[09:52.99]仍然常常依靠其良好的信誉
[09:54.99]and the bank's knowledge of the customer alone.
[09:56.79]和银行单方面对客户的了解而定.
[09:58.60]The usual procedure,when a new advance is sought,
[10:00.59]当寻求一笔新贷款时,通常的程序是:
[10:02.59]is for the customer to put his request to the bank manager
[10:04.43]客户向银行经理呈交申请,
[10:06.28]who will require information about the applicant's business and financial position
[10:08.82]由银行经理对申请人的业务和财物状况、
[10:11.37]the purpose of the advance,
[10:12.52]贷款目的、
[10:13.67]security offered and arrangements for repayment;
[10:15.51]所示担保和还款计划等进行咨询.
[10:17.35]if the applicant is not well known to the bank,
[10:18.79]如果银行不很了解申请人的话,
[10:20.23]he may ask for references.
[10:21.62]有可能要求其提供担保人.
[10:23.02]For advances up to a certain amount,
[10:24.26]对于一定数量的放款,
[10:25.50]the manager has authority to sanction the advance at his own discretion,
[10:27.89]经理有权自行批准,
[10:30.28]though the amount varies from bank to bank
[10:31.78]这个数量因不同银行而异
[10:33.29]and with the size of the manager's branch;
[10:34.88]也与经理所在银行的大小而不同,
[10:36.47]it may also vary according to whether credit policy is tight or easy.
[10:39.22]同时,也根据信贷政策的宽松度而改变.
[10:41.96]When the advance is approved,
[10:43.71]这笔贷款一经同意,
[10:45.46]the bank's security department prepares security documents
[10:47.76]银行信贷部就准备提交
[10:50.06]which may require detailed investigation and valuation.
[10:52.46]详细的调查和评估担保文件.
[10:54.86]When these are completed,
[10:56.07]当一切完成后,
[10:57.27]the agreed limit is recorded in the customer's advance account.
[10:59.51]银行同意的贷款数额则记入客户的预付款帐户.
[11:01.76]All advance accounts are kept under regular review,
[11:03.81]所有预付款帐户都要定期检查,
[11:05.86]and customers may be requested to
[11:07.72]并且要求客户
[11:09.57]comply with the formal or informal repayment arrangements.
[11:11.87]遵守正式或非正式的还款计划.
[11:14.17]Section 2 Commercial Bank's Credit Creation
[11:16.47]第二部分商业银行的信用创造
[11:18.77]It is the ability of the commercial banks to create money
[11:20.82]商业银行有创造货币的能力
[11:22.87]in the form of demand deposits by making loans and investments
[11:26.26]因发放贷款,进行投资,以活期存款的形式
[11:29.66]that distinguishes commercial banks from other financial institutions.
[11:32.51]而与其他金融机构相区别.
[11:35.35]While some thrift institutions have acquired demand deposit authority,
[11:38.66]尽管一些储蓄机构也获得了提供活期存款的授权,
[11:41.96]their participation in money creation is limited relative to banks
[11:45.06]但与商业银行相比它们创造信用的能力十分有限,
[11:48.15]which hold their nearly all business demand deposits
[11:50.06]由于商业银行拥有几乎所有企业的活期存款、
[11:51.97]and the majority of individual and government demand deposits.
[11:54.71]绝大部分个人和政府的活期存款.
[11:57.45]The banking system can build up deposits by increasing loans and investments,
[12:00.21]银行可以通过发放贷款、进行投资来增加存款,
[12:02.96]so long as banks keep enough currency and reserves
[12:04.77]只要保持足够的货币和储备
[12:06.57]to meet the requirement imposed on them by regulation
[12:08.66]满足法定的规定,
[12:10.75]and to redeem whatever amounts the holders of deposits want to convert to currency.
[12:13.94]并且保证存款人实现变现的需要.
[12:17.12]This is a unique attribute that is often difficult for the layman to understand
[12:19.92]银行的这一特点对于业外人士很难理解,
[12:22.71]and that occasionally even baffles bankers.
[12:24.71]即使银行家也时常感到困惑.
[12:26.71]As contrasted with the banking system as a whole,however,
[12:29.81]当然,与银行整体系统相比,
[12:32.90]an individual bank cannot expect that the deposits it creates will remain with it.
[12:35.91]单个银行不可能将它创造的存款保留在自己的银行内.
[12:38.91]The money it can lend and invest,at any moment,
[12:40.80]在任何时候,它只能将以下款项用于贷款和投资;
[12:42.70]is its excess of cash
[12:43.99]即:在所拥有的现金,
[12:45.28]and bank balances over required reserves and minimum cash requirements.
[12:48.34]存款余额中超出法定储备和最低现金持有量的部分
[12:51.40]The individual bank must stand ready
[12:52.94]作为单个的银行它必须
[12:54.48]to pay out the deposits it creates when it makes new loans
[12:56.72]随时付出通过贷款创造的存款,
[12:58.97]Notes:
[13:00.46]The individual bank must stand ready to pay out the deposits it creates when it makes new loans
[13:08.17]Notes:stand
[13:14.25]How do things stand at the moment?
[13:15.76]目前事情的状况如何?
[13:17.26]and to pay for securities it buys upon delivery.
[13:20.46]当证卷的投资交割时也必须支付.
[13:23.66]In practice,out of the vast aggregate of financial transactions the individual bank gains
[13:27.41]实际操作中,每家银行可从日常大量的金融交易中获得,
[13:31.15]and loses funds in the course of each day's business
[13:33.70]也可能推动资金.
[13:36.25]From its net gains the bank can increase its loans and investments.
[13:38.89]资金若是净增加;可以用于贷款和投资.
[13:41.52]If the bank has net losses it must collect loans or sell investments.
[13:44.07]资金若是净减少,它就必须收回贷款或者售出投资.
[13:46.62]As one of the theoretical aggregate of all banks
[13:48.62]作为银行总量的一部分,
[13:50.62]it competes for its share of the deposits
[13:52.51]每家银行须通过竞争获得自己的份额
[13:54.40]that the banking system as a whole may create
[13:56.15]从整个银行体系由此创造的存款总量中
[13:57.90]when additional reserves are supplied by the Central Bank.
[13:59.90]当中中央银行向银行体系增加储备资金时,
[14:01.90]A bank does not create credit in a vacuum;
[14:04.06]银行不是在真空中创造信用,
[14:06.21]it creates credit in order to supply the funds that are needed by the community it serves
[14:09.31]而是为了满足社区资金的需要
[14:12.40]and the nation of which it is a part.
[14:13.80]它服务的社区以及它所在国家.
[14:15.20]Bank loans and investments may finance production,
[14:17.04]银行贷款和投资可以为生产、
[14:18.88]distribution,investment,consumption,and the needs of government.
[14:22.08]销售、投资、消费和政府需要提供资金.
[14:25.28]Credit enables goods to move through the channels of trade,
[14:27.28]信用能使货畅其流,
[14:29.28]People to acquire homes,factories to be built,workers to buy automobiles,
[14:32.37]人们获得住房,建设工厂,工人购买汽车,
[14:35.47]the nation to finance its defense,
[14:36.96]国家为防御提供资金,
[14:38.45]and many other useful or profitable purposes.
[14:40.54]以及满足许许多多其他有用或者有利的目的.
[14:42.63]Without credit business as we know it would be almost impossible,
[14:45.03]没有信用,我们所谈到的企业几乎无法生存,
[14:47.43]and our standard of living would never have been attained.
[14:49
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